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10) Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer who was allegedly kidnapped by his uncle at the age of one. Brahe was known for his arrogance; he had lost his nose in a duel over a mathematical disagreement, and had worn a silver one from then on. In 1576, he began working in his new laboratory, which was given to him by King Frederick II. This observatory became the first of its kind in all of history. In this lab, he made remarkable observations with the help of armillary spheres and other instruments. The measurements he recorded were the most precise ever made with the naked eye. In 1582, those same measurements were responsible for changing Pope Gregory's calendar. His most important contribution to astronomy was the solar system model where the Sun and Moon revolve around the Earth and all the other planets revolve around the Sun. His model came from the earlier ideas of Ptolemy and Copernicus.

13) Galileo perfected the telescope in the early 1600's. He was not very well known outside of Italy before his achievements, but his success made him a world famous figure. He did most of his work in the astronomy field in the early 1600's. One of his major discoveries in 1610 came from the closest celestial body in our solar system, the moon. His observations showed that the moon had many valleys, craters, and mountains. The discovery that the moon wasn't perfect was a huge discovery in astronomy because it showed that the universe isn't perfect, contrary to Aristotle's theory that the moon was a perfectly smooth sphere. However, his most important discovery was that Jupiter had moons. Jupiter's moons proved that not everything in the universe orbits around the Earth; which meant the Earth was not at the center of the universe. Galileo was taken before the Roman Inquisition and required to tell his beliefs about the motion of Earth around the Sun. He was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment, which was soon reduced to house arrest without visitors. He went blind in 1637 while under house arrest, and the courts became more lenient about visitors.

14) The law of universal gravitation as well as Newton's three laws of motion were very influential parts in the scientific view of the physical universe during the 17th century. He observed that the laws of motion and gravity that we see on Earth can also be applied to celestial bodies in our solar system and universe. The law of universal gravitation states that bodies with mass are attracted to each other by gravity. The force of the gravity is proportional with the masses of the two bodies. The first of Newton's three laws of motion is the law of inertia. This law states that objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. It also says that if an object is at rest, it will tend to stay at rest. Once an object is moving, it will keep moving at that same velocity until something slows it down or speeds it up. However, applications of this law are hard to come by because moving objects are slowed by friction, even in outer space. A good example of the law of inertia is a hockey puck on an air hockey table; the friction from the table does not affect the puck as much as it would if the puck was simply slid across a regular table. The second of Newton's laws states that an applied force on an object is equal to the rate of change in that object's momentum. If the applied force is going in the same direction as the object in motion, the object's velocity will increase according to how great the applied force was. If the applied force is moving in the opposite direction of the object, the object will be slowed down or possibly stopped depending on the strength of the applied force. Basically, the second law says that more force is needed to move objects with more mass. Newton's third law states that for every action, there is a reaction of equal force in the opposite direction. If a spring is being pushed, it will push back with the same force that was applied to it in the first place. Another example of Newton's third law would be shooting a rubber band. The more the rubber band is streched, the further it will go when it is released. Newton did his studies in the late 1600's and early 1700's. He worked with many intelligent men in his time, and helped form the foundation for modern day calculus. He taught people about the light spectrum, which still helps us today in identifying gasses and the composition of stars in the universe. Newton continued to help the scientific community until he died in 1727.